Genome-Wide Identification, Phylogenetic and Expression Analysis of Expansin Gene Family in Medicago sativa L.

Expansins, a class of cell-wall-loosening proteins that regulate plant growth and stress resistance, have been studied in a variety of plant species. However, little is known about the Expansins present in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) due to the complexity of its tetraploidy. Based on the alfalfa (cultivar “XinjiangDaye”) reference genome, we identified 168 Expansin members (MsEXPs). Phylogenetic analysis showed that MsEXPs consist of four subfamilies: MsEXPAs (123), MsEXPBs (25), MsEXLAs (2), and MsEXLBs (18). MsEXPAs, which account for 73.2% of MsEXPs, and are divided into twelve groups (EXPA-I–EXPA-XII). Of these, EXPA-XI members are specific to Medicago trunctula and alfalfa. Gene composition analysis revealed that the members of each individual subfamily shared a similar structure. Interestingly, about 56.3% of the cis-acting elements were predicted to be associated with abiotic stress, and the majority were MYB- and MYC-binding motifs, accounting for 33.9% and 36.0%, respectively. Our short-term treatment (≤24 h) with NaCl (200 mM) or PEG (polyethylene glycol, 15%) showed that the transcriptional levels of 12 MsEXPs in seedlings were significantly altered at the tested time point(s), indicating that MsEXPs are osmotic-responsive. These findings imply the potential functions of MsEXPs in alfalfa adaptation to high salinity and/or drought. Future studies on MsEXP expression profiles under long-term (>24 h) stress treatment would provide valuable information on their involvement in the response of alfalfa to abiotic stress.


Introduction
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), a perennial legume referred to as "Queen of the Forages", is one of the most widely planted forages in the world due to its regenerative ability and environmental sustainability.As a valuable source of plant protein and vitamins, the palatability of the forage makes it a favorable fodder for livestock.In countries with limited farmland for the cultivation of alfalfa, improving resistance to adverse environmental cues has become a major bottleneck for alfalfa production.
Plant cell walls, composed of cellulose microfibers and matrix polysaccharides, are one of the most significant characteristics that distinguish plants from animals [1].The cell wall is a very important structural material in plants, and regulates their growth and development, hormone regulation, and biotic and abiotic stress responses [2,3].When subjected to environmental stresses, plant cell walls form a thin, tenacious, and fluid fiber layer that binds the cells together, which determines their shape, maintains the necessary mechanical strength and rigidity of plant tissue, and forms the first barrier against abiotic factors [1,[4][5][6][7][8].Cell-wall-loosening proteins (Expansins), which show non-enzymatic activity in the cell wall, play an important role in cell wall dilation by ensuring the normal growth and development of plants and responding to biotic and abiotic stresses in a variety of plant species [9].Hence, exploring the response of alfalfa EXPs to high-salinity or drought conditions may provide information on the role of forage MsEXPs in the tolerance of adverse environments.
This study systematically analyzed the Expansins in the "XinjiangDaye" genome of alfalfa using whole-genome identification and conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of MsEXPs.Additionally, 12 MsEXPs were randomly selected, and their transcriptional expression levels were monitored under two environmental cues (salt and drought stress).This study provides a potential reference for understanding the characteristics of the alfalfa Expansin family and the molecular mechanisms of their response to salt and drought stress.
Figure 1.Phylogenetic tree of Expansin proteins.The unrooted phylogenetic tree was constructed using all Expansin proteins from alfalfa, Medicago trunctula, and Arabidopsis thaliana using the MEGA7.0neighbor-joining (NJ) method with a bootstrap of 1000.Clades in green, blue, tangerine, and purple branches refer to the EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB subfamilies, respectively.EXPA is divided into 12 subgroups (EXPAI-XII) and the subgroups are alternately marked in dark or light green.The tangerine triangles, green dots, and blue stars represent EXPs from alfalfa, M. truncatula, and Arabidopsis, respectively.

The Features and Distributions of MsEXPs
The common features that MsEXPs share include two conservative domains: Double-psi beta-barrel Domain-1 (DPBB_1) and Pollen_allerg_1.The putative MsEXPs vary Figure 1.Phylogenetic tree of Expansin proteins.The unrooted phylogenetic tree was constructed using all Expansin proteins from alfalfa, Medicago trunctula, and Arabidopsis thaliana using the MEGA7.0neighbor-joining (NJ) method with a bootstrap of 1000.Clades in green, blue, tangerine, and purple branches refer to the EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB subfamilies, respectively.EXPA is divided into 12 subgroups (EXPAI-XII) and the subgroups are alternately marked in dark or light green.The tangerine triangles, green dots, and blue stars represent EXPs from alfalfa, M. truncatula, and Arabidopsis, respectively.
The genetic locations of the MsEXPs were mapped and labeled as MsEXPA1-123, MsEXPB1-36, MsEXLA1-2, and MsEXLB1-18 in sequential chromosome order (Figure 2).In total, 157 out of 168 MsEXPs resided on 30 of the 32 alfalfa chromosomes, with the exception of chromosomes 6.1 and 6.4, and the remaining 11 MsEXPs were unassembled on the genomic scaffolds.The MsEXPAs were distributed between 30 chromosomes, with about 20.3% (25/123) residing on Chr 5 (Table S3).The MsEXPBs were located on three chromosomes, i.e., Chr 2, Chr 4, and Chr 7.For the MsEXLs, both MsEXLAs were found on Chr 4, and the MsEXLBs were found on Chr 5 or Chr 8.Although the physical location of the 11 unassembled MsEXPAs (113-123) was uncertain, the putative proteins belonged to EXPA-VI, suggesting that they may execute similar biological functions in alfalfa.
The genetic locations of the MsEXPs were mapped and labeled as MsEXPA1-123, MsEXPB1-36, MsEXLA1-2, and MsEXLB1-18 in sequential chromosome order (Figure 2).In total, 157 out of 168 MsEXPs resided on 30 of the 32 alfalfa chromosomes, with the exception of chromosomes 6.1 and 6.4, and the remaining 11 MsEXPs were unassembled on the genomic scaffolds.The MsEXPAs were distributed between 30 chromosomes, with about 20.3% (25/123) residing on Chr 5 (Table S3).The MsEXPBs were located on three chromosomes, i.e., Chr 2, Chr 4, and Chr 7.For the MsEXLs, both MsEXLAs were found on Chr 4, and the MsEXLBs were found on Chr 5 or Chr 8.Although the physical location of the 11 unassembled MsEXPAs (113-123) was uncertain, the putative proteins belonged to EXPA-VI, suggesting that they may execute similar biological functions in alfalfa.

Gene Structure of the MsEXPs and Conserved Motifs of the Putative Proteins
According to the exon-intron composition analysis, the MsEXP members of the same subfamily share similar exon-intron structures (Figure 3A,B, Table S4).For example, 96% (24/25) of the EXPBs and 83.3% (15/18) of the EXLBs possess four exons.The majority (93.5%) of the EXPA members comprise two or three exons, with the exception of MsEXPA4, MsEXPA7, and MsEXPA69, which comprise 13, 12, and 11 exons, respectively (Figure 3A,B).
scaffolds.The tandem duplicated gene pairs are connected with red lines.

Gene Structure of the MsEXPs and Conserved Motifs of the Putative Proteins
According to the exon-intron composition analysis, the MsEXP members of the same subfamily share similar exon-intron structures (Figure 3A,B, Table S4).For example, 96% (24/25) of the EXPBs and 83.3% (15/18) of the EXLBs possess four exons.The majority (93.5%) of the EXPA members comprise two or three exons, with the exception of MsEXPA4, MsEXPA7, and MsEXPA69, which comprise 13, 12, and 11 exons, respectively (Figure 3A,B).According to the analysis of the conserved motifs from MEME (https://meme-suite. org/meme/, accessed on 22 February 2023), ten motifs (1-10) were found in the MsEXPs.Among them, Motifs 4 and 1 reside at the N-terminus, Motifs 6 and 5 reside at the Cterminus, and Motif 9 resides in the middle of most MsEXPs.Motifs 1, 3, and 6 feature the conserved domains (DPBB domain, RlpA-like domain, and cellulose-binding-like domain) of MsEXPs (Table S5).The members of the same subfamily share similar motifs arranged in identical order (Figure 3C).For example, 67.5% (83/123) of MsEXPA members share 10 motifs, while MsEXLBs possess 5-6 motifs.In the former, Motifs 7 and 8 are exclusive, while in the latter, Motifs 2, 7, and 8 are absent.

The Cis-Acting Elements Related to Abiotic Stresses Were Enriched in the Puta ers of MsEXPs
To predict the potential function of the MsEXPs, we analyzed the cis-act in the putative promoter region (2 kb upstream of the start codon) using (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/,accessed on 2023).A total of 113 cis-acting elements were identified (Table S9-1), which w divided into four major classes related to the following physiological proce and development, plant hormones, light responsiveness, and abiotic stresses The top four to five elements of each class are shown in Figure 6 (Table S them, the stress-responsive elements accounted for 56.3% (2657/4719), whi MYB accounted for 36% (956/2657) and 33.9% (900/2657), respectively.It is speculate that the MsEXP family may play a crucial role in the response of a otic stresses.

The Cis-Acting Elements Related to Abiotic Stresses Were Enriched in the Putative Promoters of MsEXPs
To predict the potential function of the MsEXPs, we analyzed the cis-acting elements in the putative promoter region (2 kb upstream of the start codon) using PlantCARE (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/,accessed on 24 February 2023).A total of 113 cis-acting elements were identified (Table S9-1), which were roughly divided into four major classes related to the following physiological processes: growth and development, plant hormones, light responsiveness, and abiotic stresses (Table S9-3).The top four to five elements of each class are shown in Figure 6 (Table S9-2).Among them, the stress-responsive elements accounted for 56.3% (2657/4719), while MYC and MYB accounted for 36% (956/2657) and 33.9% (900/2657), respectively.It is tempting to speculate that the MsEXP family may play a crucial role in the response of alfalfa to abiotic stresses.

The Expression of MsEXPs under Drought and Salt Stress
In order to investigate the expression levels of MsEXPs under short-term drought and salt stress conditions, four-week-old alfalfa seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl or 15% PEG (polyethylene glycol) simulated drought at the time points of 0 h, 5 h/8 h, 12 h, and 24 h.Twelve MsEXPs were randomly selected, and their transcriptional levels were determined using qRT-PCR.Our results showed that about 83.3% of the 12 MsEXPs in the alfalfa seedlings were significantly upregulated when the salinity treatment was undertaken at different time points, while MsEXPA26 was uniformly downregulated during the treatment periods (Figure 7).For the drought treatment, 15% PEG was used to induce the 12 MsEXPs at varying degrees (Figure 8).It is worth noting that during the 24 h PEG treatment, the transcriptional level of MsEXLB13 was 127.7 times higher than that of the non-treated group.These findings indicated that the MsEXPs responded to both high-salinity and drought conditions.In addition, MsEXLB13 may serve as a potential target for drought-related processes.Collectively, the transcriptional abundance of MsEXPs was altered in response to short-term drought and salt stress.

The Expression of MsEXPs under Drought and Salt Stress
In order to investigate the expression levels of MsEXPs under short-term drought and salt stress conditions, four-week-old alfalfa seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl or 15% PEG (polyethylene glycol) simulated drought at the time points of 0 h, 5 h/8 h, 12 h, and 24 h.Twelve MsEXPs were randomly selected, and their transcriptional levels were determined using qRT-PCR.Our results showed that about 83.3% of the 12 MsEXPs in the alfalfa seedlings were significantly upregulated when the salinity treatment was undertaken at different time points, while MsEXPA26 was uniformly downregulated during the treatment periods (Figure 7).For the drought treatment, 15% PEG was used to induce the 12 MsEXPs at varying degrees (Figure 8).It is worth noting that during the 24 h PEG treatment, the transcriptional level of MsEXLB13 was 127.7 times higher than that of the non-treated group.These findings indicated that the MsEXPs responded to both high-salinity and drought conditions.In addition, MsEXLB13 may serve as a potential target for drought-related processes.Collectively, the transcriptional abundance of MsEXPs was altered in response to short-term drought and salt stress.

Discussion
Since Expansin genes (EXPs) were discovered in cucumber hypocotyls, an increasing number of studies have shown that they play key roles in the growth, development, and abiotic and biotic stress responses of a variety of plant species [11,48,57].We focused on Expansins in forage legumes based on the genome data cultivar "XinjiangDaye" and

Discussion
Since Expansin genes (EXPs) were discovered in cucumber hypocotyls, an increasing number of studies have shown that they play key roles in the growth, development, and abiotic and biotic stress responses of a variety of plant species [11,48,57].We focused on Expansins in forage legumes based on the genome data cultivar "XinjiangDaye" and identified the potential MsEXPs using comprehensive bioinformatics analysis; in seedlings, dozens of MsEXPs displayed significant alterations at the transcriptional level upon exposure to salt or drought treatment for a short-term period (<24 h).It is tempting to speculate that MsEXPs are implicated in forage adaptation to environmental cues.
MsEXPs, together with MtEXPs and AtEXPs, are composed of the EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB subfamilies.Of the 168 putative alfalfa Expansins or Expansin-like genes (MsEXPs), 123 were classified as α-Expansin (EXPA), 25 as β-Expansin (EXPB), 2 as Expansin-like A (EXLA), and 18 as Expansin-like B (EXLB).The proportions of the four MsEXP categories were similar to those of the model plants, i.e., Arabidopsis, barrel clover, and soybean.Generally, EXPA family members accounted for the majority (50-80%), while the EXLA family accounted for the least (Table S11).Alfalfa showed more MsEXPs than in wild and cultivated soybean (75), possibly due to the tetraploid nature of the former.MsEXPs contain the conservative domains double-psi beta-barrel domain-1 (DPBB_1) and Pollen-allerg_1.The former has a structure similar to the Family 45 glycoside hydrolases (GH45), but lacks the activity of the GH45 enzymes β-1 and 4-glucanase hydrolase [18,58].The latter is a pollen allergen that can loosen the cell walls of the stigma and style to aid pollen tube penetration [59].The DPBB_1 domain is likely to combine with the Pollen_allerg_1 component to complete cell-wall-loosening activity [60].The expansion of the MsEXP family is likely to have resulted from both tandem and segmental duplication events in alfalfa.Previous studies have suggested that EXPAs and EXPBs evolved before the differentiation of vascular plants and mosses, while EXLAs and EXLBs appear to have emerged in the ancestors of angiosperms and gymnosperms [25].In alfalfa, the four Expansin subfamilies are present.Relative to MsEXPAs, which account for 73.2% of MsEXPs, the members of the other three subfamilies appear to share a higher similarity in terms of both sequence homology and intron-exon structure, implying the functional redundancy of the MsEXP paralogs and the potential divergence of the paralogs among different subfamilies.MsEXPA members, like their orthologs in Arabidopsis, contain fewer introns [61], and the individual MsEXPA group shares a higher identity.In the gene structure of alfalfa EXPs, the numbers of introns and conserved motifs were nearly identical for the members of the same subfamily, implying a close evolutionary relationship.In contrast, the gene composition of members from different MsEXP subfamilies was distinct, and some conserved motifs were specific to certain subfamilies, implying the divergence of the biological functions of the four alfalfa EXP subfamilies.This suggests that MsEXPs have evolved multiple functions in alfalfa cultivation [15].Our finding that 98.8% of MsEXPs are located on the cell wall suggests that MsEXPs are involved in material transport and resisting external environmental invasion [62,63].
In China, alfalfa has been planted in both arid and saline alkali areas, particularly in the northern part of the nation [64], and, therefore, it is vital to explore the genes implicated in salt or drought tolerance in alfalfa cultivation and production.The cell wall of plants is the first barrier to respond to and defend against external environmental stresses via alterations in its structure or composition, implying the potential of Expansins in stress response processes [65].The key cis-regulatory elements in MsEXP promoters are related to light and abiotic stress responses, the majority of which are MYB, MYC, and other elements related to salt and drought induction, suggesting their possible role in salt and drought stresses.Our results are supportive of previous reports that MYC and MYB proteins play a transcriptional activation role in inducing gene expression under abiotic stress in plants [66,67].The transcription of several candidate Expansin genes changed differently under NaCl or drought treatments.Most MsEXPs were upregulated at different degrees of high salinity.For PEG (15%)-mimicked drought treatment, the tested MsEXPs showed upregulated expression at different time points.This is consistent with previous findings that the overexpression of AtEXLA18 improves the drought resistance of transgenic tobacco plants [57].Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that some EXPs contribute to the induction of cell wall expansion within a short time period under salt and drought stress, which results in the improvement of water-use efficiency and a reduction in the internal water potential in cells, allowing plants to absorb extra water and mitigate stress damage.These findings suggest the potential implication of Expansins in alfalfa adaption to high salinity and drought.Future studies will focus on the response of MsEXPs to long-term (>24 h) stress treatment; further generation and investigation of loss-of-function mutations in transgenic plants would provide molecular evidence for the biological functions of MsEXPs in alfalfa in response to abiotic stresses.

Phylogenetic Analysis and Comparison of MsEXPs
Using the ClustalW program in MEGA 7.0 software (Tamura, K., Tokyo, Japan) [72], the full-length amino acid sequences were aligned, and the phylogenetic tree was built with EXP protein sequences from alfalfa, M. truncatula, and Arabidopsis using the neighborjoining (NJ) method (bootstrap values for 1000 replicates) and visualized using Evolview v2 (https://www.evolgenius.info/evolview-v2/,accessed on 10 January 2024).

Chromosomal Location and Structural Characterization Analysis of MsEXPs
The information on the location of the MsEXPs was obtained from the alfalfa genome database.All MsEXPs were mapped to the chromosomes using MG2C (http://mg2c.iask.in/, accessed on 27 January 2024).Conserved motifs in the MsEXPs were analyzed using the MEME online program (https://meme-suite.org/meme/, accessed on 22 February 2023), while the optimum motif width was set to ≥6 bp and ≤50 bp, and the maximum number of motifs was set to 10; all other parameters were used as default values.The structure (exon-intron) distributions of the MsEXPs were obtained from the genome of alfalfa using GFF annotation files.The results were visualized using TBtools software v1.108 (Chen, C., Guangzhou, China) [68].

Analysis of Cis-Acting Elements of MsEXPs
The assumed promoter region of the MsEXP genes (2 kb upstream of the coding region) was obtained from the alfalfa genome database.Cis-acting components were predicted using the PlantCARE online software (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 24 February 2023), and the predicted results were visualized using TBtools software v1.108 (Chen, C., Guangzhou, China) [68].

Gene Duplication Pattern and Collinearity Analysis of MsEXPs
The identification of the gene duplication events and syntenic relationships of MsEXPs was performed using the one-step MCScanX-Super fast program in the TBtools software v1.108 (Chen, C., Guangzhou, China) (E-value ≤ 1 × 10 −5 ) [68].The tandem duplicated genes within 200 kb were defined as adjacent homologous genes as long as the following two criteria were met: (i) the length of the aligned sequence covered >75% of the longer gene, and (ii) the similarity of the aligned regions was >75% with no more than two intervening genes [16,73].The collinear regions between MsEXPs and EXPs from alfalfa, Arabidopsis, M. truncatula, and soybean were visualized using the Dual Synteny Plotter and Advanced Circos function in the TBtools software v1.108 (Chen, C., Guangzhou, China).

Plant Material Growth Conditions and Stress Treatment
Alfalfa (Cultivar "Zhongmu No. 1") was used in this study.Mature seeds were germinated on moist filter paper with ultrapure water in Petri dishes and grown in a growth chamber (GXZ-500, Ningbo Jiangnan Instrument Factory, Ningbo, China) at 24 • C (day)/20 • C (night) under a 16 h light (1200-1250 µmol m −2 s −1 )/8 h dark photoperiod with a relative humidity of 70 to 80% for 7 days.After germination, the alfalfa seedlings were transferred to a plastic cuboid container (25 cm × 20 cm × 7.5 cm) with 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution under controlled conditions, and the nutrient solution was replaced once a week.In order to assay the salt stress tolerance, the four-week-old alfalfa seedlings were treated with and without 200 mM NaCl for 0, 5, 12, and 24 h.For the drought stress tolerance expression assay, the four-week-old alfalfa seedings were used as the planting material for the stress treatment with or without 15% PEG-6000 for 0, 8, 12, and 24 h.The leaf tissues of the alfalfa seedlings were collected, immediately placed in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 • C until determination.

RNA Extraction and Real-Time Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR)
The total RNA was extracted with a Plant total RNA extract kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.RNA concentration and purity were measured using the NanoPhotometer ® NP80 (Implen, Munich, Germany), and the quality detected using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.The RNA concentrations ranged from 200 to 1000 ng/mL, and the OD260/OD280 ratios ranged from 1.8 to 2.2.The cDNA was synthesized from 1 µg total RNA using the HiScript III All-in-one RT SuperMix Perfect for qPCR (Vazyme, Nanjing, China), and cDNA was then diluted 10 times and stored at −20 • C before use.The expression patterns of MsEXPs in alfalfa seedlings treated with PEG or NaCl were examined (primers listed in Table S10) using the CFX96 Touch TM RT-PCR system (BioRad, Los Angeles, CA, USA) with Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix (Vazyme, Nanjing, China).The relative expression levels were calculated using the 2 −∆∆CT method [74].

Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22 software (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).According to Duncan's multiple range test, the differences were evaluated using ANOVA with p < 0.05.GraphPad Prism 9.0.0 software (GraphPad Software, Boston, FL, USA) was used to plot.Adobe Illustrator CC 2018 (ADOBE, San Jose, CA, USA)was used for graphic editing.

Conclusions
In this study, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the Expansin family in alfalfa, decoding 168 MsEXPs.Phylogenetically, the MsEXPs were split into four subfamilies, EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB, with the former two subfamilies representing the majority (88.1%).As expected, the members of each subfamily shared similar gene and motif compositions, implying identical functions.In the putative MsEXP promoters, 56.3% of the cis-elements were related to abiotic stress.In support of this, the transcriptional levels of MsEXPs, including MsEXPA56/89/26, MsEXLB13, and MsEXLA1, displayed a significant alteration in alfalfa seedlings treated by salt or drought compared with the non-treatment control.In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the evolution of Expansin genes in alfalfa and provides more information for exploring alterations in MsEXP transcripts under long-term stress that can be applied to forage breeding.

Figure 2 .Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Chromosomal distribution of MsEXPs.Chromosome distributions of MsEXPs were visualized through Tbtools software v1.108 based on the physical location of each gene.The green vertical bars represent the chromosomes of alfalfa and are numbered on the top; 50,568-50,573 and 50,581 represent unplaced genomic scaffolds.Chromosome size is indicated by relative length.The scale (Mb) of chromosome length is displayed on the left.A total of 157 MsEXPs were mapped onto Figure 2. Chromosomal distribution of MsEXPs.Chromosome distributions of MsEXPs were visualized through Tbtools software v1.108 based on the physical location of each gene.The green vertical bars represent the chromosomes of alfalfa and are numbered on the top; 50,568-50,573 and 50,581 represent unplaced genomic scaffolds.Chromosome size is indicated by relative length.The scale (Mb) of chromosome length is displayed on the left.A total of 157 MsEXPs were mapped onto the 30 chromosomes of alfalfa, while another 11 MsEXPs were located on the unplaced genomic scaffolds.The tandem duplicated gene pairs are connected with red lines.

Figure 3 .Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree, structural analysis, and motif distribution of the MsEXP family.(A) The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the full-length sequences of MsEXPs and divided into four groups.Different subgroups are highlighted in different colors.(B) Exon-intron struc-Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree, structural analysis, and motif distribution of the MsEXP family.(A) The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the full-length sequences of MsEXPs and divided into four groups.Different subgroups are highlighted in different colors.(B) Exon-intron structures of MsEXPs.Introns and exons are represented by lines and boxes, respectively.(C) Analysis of MsEXP motifs is based on MEME tools.Different motifs are shown in colored boxes, as indicated in the legend.

17 Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Collinearity analysis of MsEXPs.The identification syntenic relationship in MsEXPs is performed using TBtools software v1.108 (E-value ≤ 1 × 10 −5 ).The gray lines show the syntenic regions in alfalfa genome.The genes pairs in segmental duplication events are marked with red lines.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Collinearity analysis of MsEXPs.The identification syntenic relationship in MsEXPs is performed using TBtools software v1.108 (E-value ≤ 1 × 10 −5 ).The gray lines show the syntenic regions in alfalfa genome.The genes pairs in segmental duplication events are marked with red lines.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Synteny analysis of Expansin genes between alfalfa and three model plan chromosome labels are located above or below the corresponding chromosome.Gra background indicate collinear blocks within alfalfa and the indicated plant, wherea highlight syntenic Expansin gene pairs.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Synteny analysis of Expansin genes between alfalfa and three model plant species.The chromosome labels are located above or below the corresponding chromosome.Gray lines in the background indicate collinear blocks within alfalfa and the indicated plant, whereas the red lines highlight syntenic Expansin gene pairs.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.A heatmap showing the counts of cis-acting elements in the promoters of MsEXPs.The MsEXPs are grouped according to the phylogenetic results, with the green, blue, tangerine, and purple vertical lines referring to the EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB phylogenetic groups, respectively.EXPAI-XII labels are alternately marked with dark green or green.The digit in the box represents the number of cis-acting elements (at the top).

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.A heatmap showing the counts of cis-acting elements in the promoters of MsEXPs.The MsEXPs are grouped according to the phylogenetic results, with the green, blue, tangerine, and purple vertical lines referring to the EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB phylogenetic groups, respectively.EXPAI-XII labels are alternately marked with dark green or green.The digit in the box represents the number of cis-acting elements (at the top).

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Expression levels of MsEXPs under salt stress.Four-week-old alfalfa seedlings were treated."CK" represents 1/2 Hoagland solution."NaCl" represents salt treatment using 1/2 Hoagland solution with 200 mM NaCl.The error bars indicate the standard errors of three biological replicates.Lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 according to ANOVA.

Figure 7 . 17 Figure 8 .
Figure 7. Expression levels of MsEXPs under salt stress.Four-week-old alfalfa seedlings were treated."CK" represents 1/2 Hoagland solution."NaCl" represents salt treatment using 1/2 Hoagland solution with 200 mM NaCl.The error bars indicate the standard errors of three biological replicates.Lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 according to ANOVA.Int.J. Mol.Sci.2024, 25, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 17

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Expression levels of MsEXPs under drought stress.Four-week-old alfalfa seedlings were treated."CK" represents 1/2 Hoagland solution."PEG" represents drought treatment using 1/2 Hoagland solution with 15% PEG (polyethylene glycol).error bars indicate the standard errors of three biological replicates.Lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 according to ANOVA.